As a safety professional with years of experience, I know that improving safety performance often means looking beyond traditional approaches. That’s where Human Organizational Performance (HOP) comes in. HOP focuses on understanding how systems and human factors contribute to success and failures, offering a more effective way to improve safety outcomes. Let me introduce you to the core principles of HOP and why these principles are important for safety professionals in safety management.

Human Organizational Performance (HOP) is an approach that focuses on understanding how human errors and system weaknesses contribute to incidents. By shifting from a blame-centric culture to one that examines systems, HOP enables organizations to learn from mistakes, reduce risks, and improve overall safety. With the rise of resilience engineering, industries like oil and gas have begun to recognize that creating systems that can adapt to both expected and unexpected conditions is crucial for improving safety performance (França et al., 2023; Sarvari et al., 2024).

Traditional safety models often focus on compliance and eliminating human error. However, HOP recognizes that errors are inevitable, and systems should be designed to account for them. In this post, we’ll explore the key principles of HOP and how safety professionals can use them to create safer, more resilient work environments. Research from sectors such as nuclear power plants, air traffic control, and healthcare systems supports the need for proactive approaches like Safety-II (HOP) to manage system variability and improve outcomes (Ham et al., 2021).

What is Human Organizational Performance (HOP)?

Human Organizational Performance (HOP) is a systems-based approach to safety that recognizes human error not as the cause of incidents but as a symptom of deeper organizational weaknesses. Instead of focusing on eliminating human error, HOP aims to design systems that anticipate errors and minimize their impact. This shift from a blame-centric culture to a learning-based approach allows organizations to understand how their systems can be improved to prevent accidents (França & Hollnagel, 2020). Industries like offshore drilling and oil and gas have embraced this perspective by integrating human factors and resilience engineering principles into their safety strategies (França et al., 2020).

At its core, HOP is based on five key principles:

1. People Make Mistakes
   Human errors are a natural part of any work environment. HOP acknowledges that, rather than trying to eliminate errors, we should focus on designing systems that are resilient to errors. This aligns with findings from various high-risk industries where human factors are seen as essential for ensuring flexibility and system performance (Ham et al., 2021).
2. Blame Fixes Nothing
   Blaming individuals for mistakes does not improve safety. Instead, HOP encourages organizations to look at the systemic causes that led to the error and focus on learning and improvement. This is evident in complex systems such as healthcare, where a combination of Safety-I and Safety-II methodologies is often necessary to address both immediate failures and long-term system resilience (Leistikow & Bal, 2020).
3. Context Influences Behavior
   Workers’ actions are influenced by the environment and systems they operate within. HOP emphasizes the need to understand the context in which decisions are made and how systems can be improved to support better outcomes. This concept is supported by resilience engineering, which focuses on managing system variability to prevent failures (França et al., 2020).
4. Learning and Improvement are Key
   Every incident provides an opportunity to learn. HOP promotes a culture of continuous learning, where organizations focus on understanding what went wrong and how they can prevent it from happening again. Resilience engineering, which has been increasingly adopted across industries, emphasizes learning from both failures and successes to create adaptable systems (Ham et al., 2021).
5. Response to Failure Matters
   How an organization responds to incidents directly impacts its culture. A learning-based response that focuses on system improvements leads to better safety outcomes compared to punitive measures. By emphasizing resilience and adaptability, organizations can better prepare for both expected and unexpected disruptions (França et al., 2020).

Why HOP Matters for Safety Professionals

1. Redefining How We Approach Incidents
   Traditional safety models often focus on who made a mistake. In contrast, HOP encourages safety professionals to ask, “Why did this happen, and how can the system be improved?” This shift from blame to learning allows organizations to gain deeper insights into their operations and make more meaningful improvements (França et al., 2020; Leistikow & Bal, 2020).
2. Creating Resilient Systems
   One of the key goals of HOP is to design systems that are resilient to errors. This means building processes and environments that account for human fallibility and minimize the consequences of mistakes. For example, resilience engineering in the oil and gas industry has shown that integrating fail-safe mechanisms and intuitive equipment design can significantly improve safety outcomes (França et al., 2023).
3. Improving Worker Engagement
   Workers are often the best source of information about potential risks and system weaknesses. HOP encourages safety professionals to involve workers in identifying hazards and developing solutions. By engaging workers in the safety process, organizations can improve communication, increase trust, and develop more effective safety strategies (Ham et al., 2021).
4. Reducing Incident Rates Through Learning
   When organizations focus on learning from every incident—no matter how minor—they create a culture of continuous improvement. HOP promotes the use of learning teams, where workers and managers collaborate to understand the causes of incidents and develop actionable solutions. This proactive approach leads to a reduction in incident rates and an overall improvement in safety performance (Leistikow & Bal, 2020).

Implementing HOP in Your Safety Program

1. Start with Leadership Buy-In
   For HOP to be successful, it must be embraced by leadership. Safety professionals should work to educate leaders on the benefits of HOP and how it can improve both safety and operational efficiency (França & Hollnagel, 2020; Ham et al., 2021).
2. Develop Learning Teams
   Learning teams are an essential component of HOP. These teams are made up of workers, supervisors, and safety professionals who work together to analyze incidents and develop system improvements (Leistikow & Bal, 2020).
3. Focus on Systems, Not People
   When incidents occur, resist the urge to blame individuals. Instead, use the incident as an opportunity to examine how the system allowed the error to occur. This shift in focus from blaming individuals to analyzing systems is at the heart of HOP and leads to more sustainable improvements (Ham et al., 2021).
4. Continuous Training and Improvement
   HOP is not a one-time initiative; it requires ongoing training and improvement. Safety professionals should regularly review and update training programs to incorporate new insights gained from learning teams and incident investigations. Additionally, industries like oil and gas have found success in integrating modern technologies to support continuous improvement efforts (França et al., 2023).

Conclusion

Human Organizational Performance (HOP) offers a transformative approach to safety management by focusing on learning from incidents and designing resilient systems. For safety professionals, HOP provides the tools to shift from a blame-based culture to one of continuous improvement and system resilience. By embracing HOP principles, organizations can reduce incidents, improve safety outcomes, and foster a culture of openness and learning.

Reference

França, J. E. M., Hollnagel, E., & Santos, I. J. A. L. (2020). Safety-II approach in the O&G industry: Human factors and non-technical skills building safety. In Proceedings of the Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference (pp. 1–12). IBP.

França, J. E. M., & Hollnagel, E. (2023). From unsafe acts to system resilience: How emerging technologies in the O&G industry reach new safety frontiers. Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies, 111, 735–742. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004080

Ham, D. H. (2021). Safety-II and resilience engineering in a nutshell: An introductory guide to their concepts and methods. Safety and Health at Work, 12, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2020.12.004

Hauck, D. K., MacArthur, D. W., Smith, M. K., Thron, J., & Budlong-Sylvester, K. (2010). Defining the questions: A research agenda for nontraditional authentication in arms control. Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Leistikow, I., & Bal, R. A. (2020). Resilience and regulation, an odd couple? Consequences of Safety-II on governmental regulation of healthcare quality. BMJ Quality & Safety, 29, 869–872. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010610

Sarvari, P. A., Nagy, Z., Fodor, Z., & Paller, K. (2024). Resilience through advanced technologies: Exploring the integration of Safety I and Safety II in complex socio-technical systems. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2024.108621

Wachter, J. K. (2011). Human factors in high-risk systems: An analysis of the role of human error in safety. Safety Science, 49, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.05.005

Yoon, J., Zhang, X., & Tan, K. (2021). Safety II as a pathway to resilience in complex industrial environments. Journal of Safety Research, 79, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.11.004

Provan, D. J., Rae, A. J., & Dekker, S. (2020). Safety-II in practice: Developing resilience in real-world safety management. Safety Science, 121, 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.06.003

Editorial Board (2020). Editorial board of Reliability Engineering and System Safety. Reliability Engineering & System Safety. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.06.001

As a safety health and environment systems manager I can attest that regular audits and reviews are powerful tools that can be used to drive continuous improvement. They not only ensure compliance but also uncover opportunities to enhance safety management systems, reduce risks, and improve overall safety performance. Let me show you how to use audits and reviews to build a safer, more efficient workplace.

Regular audits and reviews are critical for improving safety performance in the workplace. By assessing compliance, identifying hazards, and analyzing incident trends, these activities help organizations continuously refine their safety management systems and proactively address potential risks.

While many view audits as a compliance necessity, they can be so much more. With the right approach, audits and reviews can become proactive tools that drive meaningful improvements in safety performance. Let’s explore how regular audits and safety reviews can enhance your safety management system and lead to continuous improvement.

The Importance of Audits in Safety Management 

Audits play a crucial role in safety management, providing an objective assessment of whether your organization’s safety practices and procedures are effective and compliant with regulatory standards. Regular audits help identify gaps in your system, ensure proper implementation of safety measures, and create a roadmap for continuous improvement.

1. Ensuring Compliance 

One of the primary functions of a safety audit is to verify compliance with safety regulations, industry standards, and internal policies. Audits ensure that your organization is meeting the requirements set by bodies like OSHA, ANSI, or ISO. However, beyond ticking off compliance boxes, audits also reveal areas where regulations may not be adequately addressed, helping to avoid costly fines or legal issues. The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle, a widely recognized quality management system, aligns with this approach by facilitating continuous improvement through systematic evaluation and corrective actions (Isniah et al., 2020). Industries like aviation, which rely heavily on safety, utilize continuous audits to align with ISO 45001 standards, ensuring a commitment to safety performance (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 2023).

2. Identifying Hidden Risks 

Audits go beyond surface-level checks to uncover potential risks that might be missed in day-to-day operations. By conducting thorough inspections of work environments, equipment, and processes, audits can highlight hazards that could lead to incidents if not addressed. For example, in aviation, the systematic identification of latent risks through continuous safety audits has been shown to reduce operational hazards and improve overall safety (Bayisa & Singh, 2023). Similarly, research on safety culture in industrial settings has demonstrated that focusing on systematic observations can significantly reduce the risks posed by human error (Robinson et al., 2021).

3. Tracking the Effectiveness of Safety Programs 

Audits allow organizations to measure the effectiveness of their safety programs. By comparing audit findings with historical performance data, you can assess whether safety initiatives—such as new training programs or equipment upgrades—are reducing risks and improving workplace safety. These insights help management make data-driven decisions to enhance their safety programs, ultimately leading to continuous improvement. Regular audits and corrective actions also provide critical data points for improving both equipment management and employee training in hazardous environments (Heinrich et al., 2020).

Conducting Safety Reviews for Continuous Improvement 

While audits focus on compliance and risk identification, safety reviews take a broader look at the overall performance of your safety management system (SMS). These reviews provide an opportunity to evaluate processes, assess goals, and ensure that continuous improvement is built into your safety strategy.

1. Reviewing Incident Reports and Trends 

A key component of a safety review is analyzing incident reports and trends over time. By examining near misses, accidents, and reported hazards, you can identify patterns that point to underlying issues in your safety management system. For instance, regular safety reviews have been shown to increase operational transparency and enable organizations to address underlying safety risks before they escalate (Bayisa & Singh, 2023). The same approach can be applied in research settings, where continuous logging of events allows for a deeper understanding of systemic failures (Robinson et al., 2021).

2. Evaluating Safety Objectives 

During a safety review, assess whether your organization’s safety objectives are being met. For example, if your goal was to reduce lost-time incidents by 10%, a review allows you to measure progress and determine if additional measures are needed. This could involve revising procedures, increasing training efforts, or investing in new technologies. Industries such as aviation and manufacturing often utilize the PDCA cycle to continuously improve safety processes and refine objectives based on review findings (Isniah et al., 2020).

3. Assessing Employee Engagement 

Employee participation is crucial for a successful safety program. A review should assess how engaged employees are in safety, such as hazard reporting, attending safety meetings, or participating in training programs. If engagement is low, a deeper review may reveal gaps in communication, training delivery, or leadership support, providing opportunities for interventions. Fostering a learning culture within organizations, where employee feedback is openly encouraged, is critical for long-term safety improvements (Robinson et al., 2021).

Steps to Implement Effective Audits and Reviews

1. Develop a Structured Audit Plan 

The foundation of a successful audit is a structured plan. Begin by identifying the key areas that require auditing, such as operational procedures, equipment safety, or compliance with specific regulations. Use a checklist to ensure all critical elements are covered during the audit.

2. Engage Employees and Management 

Involve both employees and management in the audit and review process. Employees provide valuable insights into the practical aspects of safety measures, while management ensures that the necessary resources and support are available to address any identified issues. Engaging all levels of the organization fosters a culture of shared responsibility for safety (Robinson et al., 2021).

3. Analyze Data and Identify Improvement Opportunities 

After completing an audit or review, analyze the data to identify trends, gaps, and areas for improvement. Focus on root cause analysis to ensure that corrective actions address the underlying issues rather than just symptoms. This ensures that improvements are sustainable and have a long-term impact on safety performance. Continuous improvement systems like PDCA facilitate this process by focusing on incremental improvements through feedback loops (Isniah et al., 2020).

4. Implement Corrective Actions 

Once you’ve identified areas for improvement, develop a corrective action plan that includes timelines, responsibilities, and specific steps to address each issue. Ensure that corrective actions are tracked and monitored for effectiveness. Regular follow-up audits or reviews should assess whether these actions have resolved the identified risks.

5. Integrate Continuous Feedback Loops 

Continuous improvement relies on feedback loops. Create a process where feedback from audits, reviews, and employee input is regularly collected and integrated into your SMS. This ongoing evaluation helps you stay proactive in addressing safety risks and adapting to changes in the workplace (ISO, 2023).

The Role of Technology in Safety Audits and Reviews 

Technology plays a vital role in improving the efficiency and accuracy of safety audits and reviews. Here’s how digital tools can enhance your continuous improvement efforts:

1. Audit Management Software 

Using software platforms like Cority or Intelex, organizations can automate the audit process, track compliance, and manage corrective actions. These tools offer real-time dashboards that provide visibility into audit results, allowing for quicker decision-making and more proactive responses (Heinrich et al., 2020).

2. Data Analytics for Safety Reviews 

Data analytics tools can help safety managers identify trends and predict potential risks by analyzing historical data from audits, incident reports, and equipment inspections. By leveraging predictive analytics, organizations can anticipate safety issues before they occur and implement preventive measures (Robinson et al., 2021).

3. Mobile Auditing Solutions 

Mobile apps allow safety professionals to conduct audits in real-time, capturing data on-site and uploading it to centralized systems for analysis. This reduces the time between audit completion and corrective action, ensuring that safety improvements are implemented more quickly (Heinrich et al., 2020).

Conclusion 

Regular audits and safety reviews are essential components of any successful safety management system. By using these tools to assess compliance, identify risks, and drive continuous improvement, organizations can proactively address safety concerns, enhance operational efficiency, and reduce incidents. Embracing technology and engaging employees throughout the process will further strengthen your commitment to a culture of safety.

References

Bayisa, T., & Singh, J. (2023). Safety culture assessment and continuous improvement in aviation: A literature review. Journal of Aviation Safety Research, 12(3), 215-234.

Heinrich, M., Purba, H. H., & Budi, D. (2020). A comprehensive review of safety audits in hazardous industries. Industrial Safety Journal, 8(2), 89-103.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2018). ISO 45001: Occupational health and safety management systems. https://www.iso.org/standard/63787.html

Isniah, S., Purba, H. H., & Debora, F. (2020). Plan do check action (PDCA) method: Literature review and research issues. Jurnal Sistem dan Manajemen Industri, 4(1), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.30656/jsmi.v4i1.2186

Robinson, S., White, W., Wilkes, J., & Wilkinson, C. (2021). Improving culture of care through maximising learning from observations and events: Addressing what is at fault. Laboratory Animals, 56(2), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/002

Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) principles can transform safety in the workplace. Learning Teams play a crucial role in this transformation by creating opportunities for workers to share insights, identify risks, and collaborate on practical solutions. Let’s explore how Learning Teams can take your safety program to the next level.

Learning Teams are a structured, collaborative approach used to enhance safety by involving workers in identifying operational issues and developing solutions. These teams foster continuous improvement by focusing on how work is truly performed, addressing risks and promoting safety across the organization.

Learning Teams shift the focus from top-down directives to collaboration, bringing valuable insights from frontline workers. In this post, we’ll discuss how Learning Teams work, their role in HOP, and how they can be applied to improve safety outcomes. Let’s dive into the details.

What Are Learning Teams and Why Are They Important in HOP?

In the context of HOP, Learning Teams are crucial because they enable organizations to:

• Understand “Work as Done”: They highlight the realities of how tasks are performed, identifying differences between documented procedures and actual practices.
• Identify Hidden Risks: Workers are empowered to share insights on inefficiencies and risks that might not be visible to management.
• Foster Continuous Improvement: Learning Teams establish a feedback loop where employees and management work together to enhance processes and safety protocols over time.

Learning Teams are a cornerstone of Human and Organizational Performance (HOP). The premise of HOP is that workers are the experts on how their tasks are actually performed. By leveraging their knowledge, Learning Teams help bridge the gap between “work as imagined” by management and “work as done” on the ground (DOE, 2009).

Learning Teams focus on problem-solving through collaboration, involving workers from different levels of the organization in understanding risks, identifying challenges, and proposing realistic solutions. This is a significant departure from traditional safety approaches, which often rely on external audits or compliance-driven inspections. Instead, Learning Teams emphasize learning from day-to-day work experiences, leading to a deeper understanding of safety risks and operational challenges.

Learning Teams play a vital role in improving safety by incorporating Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) principles. These teams facilitate a shift from traditional, top-down safety measures to a collaborative approach where frontline workers contribute their expertise and experience. This shift empowers workers to be part of the problem-solving process, addressing both visible and hidden risks and fostering a culture of continuous learning and improvement (Robinson et al., 2021)​.

By systematically capturing insights from workers, Learning Teams bridge the gap between “work as imagined” and “work as done,” similar to approaches observed in the Bedside Learning Coordinator (BLC) model in healthcare settings. This model demonstrated the value of capturing real-time, experience-based insights from frontline workers to inform safety improvements, much like the Learning Teams in HOP (Shand et al., 2021)​. This strategy aligns with principles in HOP, where human error is seen as inevitable and opportunities for learning are critical to improving organizational safety outcomes (Robinson et al., 2021)​.

In terms of operations, Learning Teams, like the BLC model, create structured environments for gathering feedback on how work is truly performed, thereby uncovering discrepancies in procedures and identifying systemic risks (Shand et al., 2021). This approach highlights how Learning Teams enhance organizational awareness, driving proactive changes that improve both safety and operational efficiency. The systematic collection of insights, followed by collaborative problem-solving, ensures that solutions are practical and grounded in the reality of day-to-day work​.

These insights are crucial not only for identifying immediate risks but also for fostering a culture where continuous improvement becomes embedded in everyday operations. As noted in both healthcare and scientific research environments, this systematic learning approach reduces the reliance on individual blame and emphasizes systemic solutions, enhancing overall safety culture (Robinson et al., 2021)​.

How Learning Teams Operate: A Collaborative Safety Tool

Learning Teams are typically structured in two main sessions (DOE, 2009):

1. Session 1: Learning Mode and Problem Identification
   In the first session, the team focuses on understanding how work is actually done. The facilitator sets a tone of open communication, emphasizing that the goal is to learn and improve, not to assign blame. Workers describe their tasks, share challenges, and identify risks they encounter. This session is designed to gather rich insights into day-to-day operations.

The facilitator documents all issues raised, ensuring that all voices are heard. The key here is to focus on learning—solutions are not yet proposed; the aim is to fully understand the work processes and the risks involved.

2. Soak Time
   Between the first and second sessions, team members reflect on the insights gained. They may observe their work processes with fresh eyes, gathering additional information to bring back to the next session. This reflective period allows participants to think deeply about the challenges identified and to observe any additional issues that may have been overlooked.
3. Session 2: Problem-Solving and Action Planning
   The second session is where solutions are developed. The team revisits the issues identified in Session 1 and then collaboratively brainstorms ways to address them. This step is crucial as it ensures that the solutions are grounded in the practical realities of “work as done.” After brainstorming, the team creates an action plan, detailing how to implement the solutions, assign responsibilities, and set timelines for completion.

The Benefits of Learning Teams in Enhancing Safety

Learning Teams offer several key benefits to organizations, particularly when integrated into a HOP framework:

1. Improved Risk Identification
   Learning Teams enable organizations to uncover hidden risks that might otherwise go unnoticed. Workers on the frontlines are often best positioned to identify hazards, workarounds, or inefficiencies that could lead to accidents or incidents. By directly involving them in safety conversations, Learning Teams tap into this critical source of information.
2. Better Employee Engagement
   When workers are involved in safety initiatives through Learning Teams, they are more likely to be invested in the outcomes. This engagement fosters a stronger safety culture, where employees feel valued and motivated to contribute to safer practices. It also leads to practical solutions, as workers are more likely to implement ideas they helped develop.
3. Continuous Improvement and Learning
   Learning Teams create a structured process for ongoing learning and improvement. By regularly bringing workers and management together to discuss challenges and develop solutions, organizations can continuously refine their processes and safety protocols. This iterative process helps prevent incidents and ensures that safety is always improving.

Facilitating Effective Learning Teams

The success of a Learning Team hinges on the facilitator’s ability to create a blame-free environment where workers feel comfortable sharing their experiences. Facilitators should:

• Encourage Open Dialogue: Workers must feel safe to speak openly without fear of retribution. The facilitator sets the tone by emphasizing learning and improvement.
• Maintain Objectivity: The facilitator should guide discussions without taking sides or making judgments. This neutrality fosters trust and keeps the focus on problem-solving.
• Document Thoroughly: It’s essential to capture all insights, proposed solutions, and action items so that the Learning Team’s work can be effectively implemented.

Conclusion

Learning Teams are a powerful tool for enhancing safety within the framework of Human and Organizational Performance (HOP). By involving workers in the identification of risks and the development of solutions, Learning Teams provide organizations with a clearer understanding of “work as done” and a more practical approach to safety. When implemented correctly, they can lead to significant improvements in safety culture, risk management, and operational efficiency.

For organizations looking to foster a culture of continuous improvement and engagement, adopting Learning Teams is a step in the right direction.

References

Department of Energy, (DOE) (2009). Human Performance Improvement Handbook, DOE-HDBK-1028-2009. (Vol. 1: Concepts and Principles). Department of Energy Washington, DC:  Government Printing Office. 

Department of Energy, (2009). Human Performance Improvement Handbook, DOE-HDBK-1028-2009. (Vol. 2: Human performance tools for individuals, work teams, and management). Department of Energy Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Robinson, S., White, W., Wilkes, J., & Wilkinson, C. (2021). Improving culture of care through maximising learning from observations and events: Addressing what is at fault. Laboratory Animals, 56(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/00236772211037177

Shand, J., Allwood, D., Lee, N., Elahi, N., McHenry, I., Chui, K., Tang, S., Dawson-Couper, Z., Mountford, J., & Bohmer, R. (2021). Systematically capturing and acting on insights from front-line staff: The ‘Bedside Learning Coordinator’. BMJ Quality & Safety, 30, 509-512. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2020-011966

As a safety expert I understand the challenges of staying compliant with evolving heat safety regulations. With the rising frequency of extreme heat events, it’s critical to protect workers from heat-related illnesses while meeting legal requirements. Let’s break down how you can ensure compliance and keep your workforce safe.

To comply with heat safety regulations, industries must implement hydration protocols, mandatory rest breaks, shaded areas, and emergency response plans. OSHA and state-specific laws, like California’s heat illness prevention standard, set guidelines for employers to safeguard workers from heat stress in high-risk environments.

Staying compliant with heat safety regulations is not just about avoiding penalties—it’s about preventing serious illnesses and saving lives. In this post, we’ll dive into the legal requirements for heat safety, especially in high-risk industries like construction and agriculture, and share practical strategies to ensure compliance and worker protection.

Understanding Heat Safety Regulations in High-Risk Industries

Heat safety regulations vary between federal and state levels, but the goal remains the same: to protect workers from heat-related illnesses. Industries like construction and agriculture are especially vulnerable due to outdoor work environments, long hours, and physical labor, which significantly increase the risk of heat stress (OSHA, n.d.).

OSHA’s National Emphasis Program (NEP) on Heat Hazards

Although OSHA does not currently have a specific federal standard for heat safety, its National Emphasis Program (NEP), introduced in 2021, focuses on preventing heat-related hazards through inspections and enforcement in industries known for heat exposure risks. Under the General Duty Clause, employers are required to provide a safe working environment, which includes mitigating heat-related risks through proper measures.

Key measures required by OSHA include:

• Providing Access to Water: Employers must provide adequate drinking water to workers, ensuring they stay hydrated throughout the day. OSHA recommends one quart of water per worker per hour.
• Rest Breaks and Shaded Areas: Employees working in high-heat conditions must have access to shaded or air-conditioned areas where they can rest and cool down.
• Emergency Plans: Companies must develop and communicate emergency response plans for workers showing signs of heat-related illness, including heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

California’s Heat Illness Prevention Standard (Title 8, Section 3395)

California leads the nation with the most stringent heat safety regulations under Title 8, Section 3395 of the California Code of Regulations. This law applies to industries where outdoor work occurs, such as agriculture and construction, and provides specific requirements based on heat levels.

Some of the key requirements in California include:

• High-Heat Procedures (Above 95°F): Employers must implement additional protocols when temperatures exceed 95°F, such as increased rest periods, more frequent water breaks, and close monitoring of workers for heat-related symptoms.
• Training Requirements: Employers must train both workers and supervisors on heat illness prevention, ensuring they can recognize the signs of heat stress and understand how to respond.

Practical Compliance Strategies for Heat Safety

Staying compliant with heat safety regulations involves more than just meeting basic requirements—it requires a proactive approach to prevent heat illnesses before they occur. Here are some practical strategies for compliance:

1. Create a Heat Illness Prevention Plan (HIPP)
   A written Heat Illness Prevention Plan (HIPP) is essential for ensuring that all safety measures are in place. The HIPP should include:
   • Detailed hydration and rest schedules
   • Emergency procedures for handling heat-related illnesses
   • Assignment of specific personnel to monitor and enforce the plan
     Many states require that this plan be made readily available to workers and supervisors, who must also receive regular training on its contents.
2. Monitor the Heat Index Daily
   Use weather apps or heat index monitoring tools to track the temperature and adjust work schedules accordingly. If the heat index is above 90°F, consider shifting work hours to cooler parts of the day (early mornings or late afternoons). For high-heat days, it’s critical to implement additional rest breaks and hydration efforts.
3. Provide Shaded and Cool Rest Areas
   Set up cooling tents, shaded rest areas, or air-conditioned trailers near work zones to give employees a place to cool off. Ensure these areas are within close proximity to work locations, so employees can access them easily during breaks.
4. Implement a Hydration Program
   Provide cool, clean water in easily accessible locations around the worksite. Encourage workers to drink small amounts of water frequently (one cup every 15-20 minutes) to stay hydrated, even if they aren’t feeling thirsty. Supervisors should regularly remind workers to hydrate throughout the day.
5. Train Workers on Heat Illness Symptoms
   Regular training sessions should educate workers on the early warning signs of heat-related illnesses, such as dizziness, heavy sweating, headaches, or confusion. Training should also cover first aid responses, such as moving affected workers to a cool area, providing fluids, and contacting emergency services when needed.
6. Adjust Work Schedules
   On high-heat days, adjust work schedules to minimize exposure to the hottest parts of the day. Consider using shifts to limit time spent in extreme heat and ensure that workers are given extra breaks during high temperatures.
7. Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Strategically
   While PPE is necessary in many high-risk environments, it can exacerbate heat stress by trapping body heat. Ensure that workers are provided with heat-appropriate PPE, such as lightweight, breathable fabrics, and evaluate whether specific PPE requirements can be modified during extreme heat conditions without compromising safety.

The Consequences of Non-Compliance

Failure to comply with federal and state heat safety regulations can result in hefty fines, legal action, and severe damage to a company’s reputation. More importantly, non-compliance puts workers at serious risk of heat-related illnesses, which can lead to hospitalization or even death in extreme cases.

For example, a construction company in California was fined over $100,000 after multiple workers suffered heat stroke due to inadequate water breaks and lack of shaded rest areas. These fines and lawsuits can far exceed the costs of implementing proper heat safety measures.

Conclusion

Staying compliant with heat safety regulations is essential to protecting workers and preventing heat-related illnesses in high-risk environments like construction and agriculture. By understanding OSHA and state-specific guidelines, such as California’s Heat Illness Prevention Standard, and implementing proactive strategies like hydration programs, heat monitoring, and worker training, companies can safeguard their employees and avoid costly penalties.

Reference:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). Heat Illness Prevention Standards. https://www.osha.gov/heat/

California Department of Industrial Relations. (2023). Cal/OSHA Heat Illness Prevention Standard. https://www.dir.ca.gov/DOSH/HeatIllnessInfo.html

As a safety consultant, I know that focusing on blame after an incident rarely solves the underlying problem. Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) offers a more effective approach by shifting the focus from Blaming vs. Accountability to understanding system failures. I’ll show you how adopting HOP can help transform your safety culture.

HOP replaces the traditional blame-based approach to safety incidents with accountability by focusing on systemic issues and human factors that contribute to errors. By understanding why incidents happen, organizations can create systems that prevent future occurrences and foster a culture of continuous improvement.

Blaming individuals after a safety incident might seem like the simplest solution, but it overlooks the real issues. By embracing HOP principles, you can shift from blame to accountability, leading to more effective safety outcomes. Let’s explore how this paradigm shift works and the steps you can take to make it happen.

Understanding the Difference: Blaming vs. Accountability in Safety

In traditional safety models, the immediate response to an incident often involves finding someone to blame. This approach assumes that human error is the root cause of most safety incidents. While people do make mistakes, blaming individuals rarely addresses the deeper issues that lead to those mistakes in the first place. A blame-oriented culture discourages reporting and stifles opportunities to learn from incidents.

In contrast, accountability shifts the focus from individuals to the system as a whole. Instead of asking “who is responsible for this error?” HOP encourages organizations to ask, “what conditions led to this error, and how can we prevent it from happening again?” By understanding the systemic factors—like flawed processes, inadequate training, or environmental factor organizations can take action to improve safety, rather than punishing workers for mistakes they couldn’t control.

This shift is fundamental to HOP’s approach, which acknowledges that errors are often a symptom of deeper organizational issues. Humans are fallible, and instead of trying to eliminate all human error, HOP helps organizations design systems that are more resilient to those inevitable mistakes.

The Role of Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) in Shifting the Paradigm

Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) is a safety management framework that focuses on understanding how humans interact with the systems around them. By applying HOP principles, organizations can better understand the complexities of their operations, leading to more effective safety interventions.

1. Learning from Mistakes, Not Punishing Them
   One of the core principles of HOP is that errors are an opportunity to learn, not to blame. When incidents occur, instead of looking for who is responsible, HOP encourages a learning approach. This involves investigating the conditions that contributed to the error and identifying system improvements that can prevent similar incidents in the future.

This principle is transformative because it encourages workers to report near misses and incidents without fear of punishment. When employees know they won’t be blamed, they’re more likely to contribute valuable insights into why incidents happen, which ultimately helps the organization improve its safety systems.

2. Accountability Through System Design
   In a blame-oriented culture, accountability is often misinterpreted as identifying a person to punish. In contrast, HOP emphasizes accountability at the system level. This means that leaders are responsible for designing and maintaining systems that support safe work practices. If an error occurs, the focus should be on how the system failed to prevent the error, not on who made the mistake.

For example, if a worker trips and falls due to inadequate lighting, blaming the worker for not being careful misses the point. Accountability means understanding why the lighting was inadequate and fixing the system to ensure that similar hazards don’t exist in the future.

3. Engaging Workers in Problem Solving
   HOP encourages the involvement of workers in identifying risks and developing solutions. Workers are often the ones closest to the hazards and understand better than anyone where the gaps in safety procedures are. Learning teams are a key part of HOP, providing a structured way for workers to collaborate with management on safety improvements.

Engaging workers in problem-solving not only improves safety outcomes but also fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility. When workers are involved in designing safer systems, they are more likely to follow procedures and report issues before they escalate.

Building a Culture of Accountability: Steps to Implement HOP

1. Foster a Blame-Free Environment
   Shifting from blame to accountability requires a cultural shift. Leaders must actively promote a blame-free environment where workers feel safe to report incidents and near misses. This starts with clear communication that the goal is to learn and improve, not to find fault.
2. Focus on Systemic Causes
   When incidents occur, focus investigations on identifying the systemic causes, not just the immediate errors. Use tools like root cause analysis and learning teams to explore how work was performed, what challenges workers faced, and how the system can be improved.
3. Train Leaders and Workers on HOP Principles
   Leaders and workers alike need to understand the principles of HOP. This includes training on how to approach incidents from a learning perspective, how to engage workers in safety discussions, and how to design systems that support safe work practices.
4. Integrate Continuous Improvement
   Accountability doesn’t end with identifying the causes of incidents. The goal is continuous improvement. After identifying system improvements, track the implementation of those changes and continuously evaluate their effectiveness in preventing future incidents.

The Benefits of Shifting to Accountability

1. Improved Safety Outcomes
   By focusing on systemic issues, organizations can prevent incidents before they occur. Accountability at the system level ensures that safety improvements are sustainable and address the root causes of problems, rather than just treating the symptoms.
2. Increased Employee Engagement
   Workers are more likely to participate in safety programs and report issues when they know they won’t be blamed. This leads to a more proactive safety culture where risks are identified and addressed before they result in incidents.
3. Better Learning and Continuous Improvement
   A learning-focused approach fosters continuous improvement. Instead of repeating the same mistakes, organizations learn from each incident and improve their systems over time. This leads to a safer, more resilient work environment.

Conclusion

Adopting HOP principles and shifting from blame to accountability can transform your organization’s safety culture. By focusing on system improvements, learning from mistakes, and engaging workers in the process, you’ll create a safer and more efficient workplace. Embracing accountability at the system level leads to more sustainable safety outcomes, stronger employee engagement, and a proactive approach to risk management.

Reference:

• Dekker, S. (2014). Safety Differently: Human Factors for a New Era.

As an SH&E systems manager I know the advantages of integrating Safety Management Systems (SMS) with environmental and quality management systems. Combining these systems not only improves safety performance but also enhances overall operational efficiency and compliance. Let me show you how this integration can transform your organization.

Integrating a Safety Management System (SMS) with Environmental and Quality Management Systems offers multiple benefits, including streamlined compliance, reduced risks, cost savings, and improved organizational efficiency. This integration promotes a holistic approach to managing workplace safety, environmental impacts, and product quality.

By combining SMS with environmental and quality programs, organizations can align their efforts to protect employees, the environment, and product integrity. In this post, we’ll explore how integration works, the key benefits, and the steps you can take to build a cohesive management system that supports safety, environmental sustainability, and quality assurance (ISO, 2015).

How Integration Works: Uniting Safety, Environment, and Quality Systems

Integrating Safety Management Systems (SMS), Environmental Management Systems (EMS), and Quality Management Systems (QMS) is about more than just merging policies. It involves aligning processes, goals, and metrics to create a unified approach that addresses health and safety, environmental sustainability, and product quality. This integration is often facilitated by management standards like ISO 45001 (for safety), ISO 14001 (for environmental management), and ISO 9001 (for quality management). Each standard shares common principles such as risk management, continuous improvement, and leadership commitment (Al-Zaben & Hamid, 2024). By aligning these systems, organizations can:

• Standardize processes across safety, environmental, and quality domains.
• Create a holistic approach to managing risks and meeting regulatory requirements.
• Improve efficiency by eliminating redundancies and overlapping efforts.

Key Benefits of Integration

1. Streamlined Compliance and Reporting One of the most significant benefits of integrating SMS with EMS and QMS is the ability to streamline compliance with regulations and standards. Instead of managing separate systems for safety, environmental, and quality requirements, organizations can:

1. Consolidate reporting processes, reducing the burden of maintaining multiple records and reports.
2. Ensure that all systems adhere to the same risk assessment, audit, and corrective action processes, simplifying regulatory compliance.

For example, instead of conducting separate audits for safety and environmental performance, an organization can perform integrated audits that cover both areas, reducing time and resources needed for compliance.

• Improved Risk Management By integrating these systems, companies can take a more comprehensive approach to risk management. Risks related to safety, environmental impact, and product quality often overlap. When organizations manage these risks in silos, they may miss critical connections. Integrating SMS, EMS, and QMS allows for:

2. A unified risk management framework that identifies and mitigates risks across all areas.
3. More effective use of data from various domains to predict and prevent incidents.

For instance, a manufacturing facility might have environmental risks related to chemical usage that also pose safety hazards. Managing these risks through a single, integrated system ensures that safety and environmental controls work together seamlessly.

• Cost Savings and Operational Efficiency Integration reduces duplication of efforts, leading to significant cost savings. Instead of running multiple systems with separate processes, audits, and training programs, organizations can:

3. Combine resources to reduce administrative and operational costs.
4. Improve efficiency by aligning safety, environmental, and quality goals, minimizing delays, and streamlining workflows.

For example, a company that integrates its safety and environmental training programs can offer cross-training to employees, saving time and improving workforce competency in both areas.

• Enhanced Continuous Improvement Integrated systems create a stronger foundation for continuous improvement. When safety, environmental, and quality programs are managed together, organizations can more easily track performance and identify opportunities for improvement. Continuous improvement is a core component of standards like ISO 45001, 14001, and 9001, and integration allows for:

4. Easier identification of cross-functional improvements that enhance safety, environmental, and quality outcomes.
5. Greater alignment between leadership, employees, and departments in driving continuous improvement efforts.

For example, implementing a corrective action in one area—such as upgrading ventilation to improve air quality—can have positive effects on both safety and environmental outcomes.

• Improved Organizational Culture and Engagement Integration fosters a more collaborative and engaged workforce. When safety, environmental, and quality objectives are aligned, employees at all levels of the organization understand the interconnections and take greater ownership of their roles in maintaining a safe, sustainable, and high-quality operation. This holistic approach can:

5. Improve employee engagement by demonstrating a commitment to safety, sustainability, and quality.
6. Foster a culture of accountability, where everyone plays a role in achieving the organization’s integrated goals.

For example, a team that recognizes the impact of environmental practices on both safety and product quality will be more proactive in adhering to safety and quality standards.

Steps to Integrate SMS with Environmental and Quality Programs

1. Assess Current Systems Start by assessing your existing safety, environmental, and quality management systems. Identify areas where processes overlap or where there are redundancies. Conduct a gap analysis to determine where integration can bring the most value .
2. Align Goals and Objectives Set common goals and objectives for safety, environmental, and quality management. Ensure that these objectives align with your organization’s overall strategy and values. Integrated systems work best when they share common metrics for success, such as reducing incidents, minimizing waste, and improving product quality .
3. Develop Integrated Processes Create standardized processes that apply across all three systems. For example, develop a unified risk management process that evaluates safety, environmental, and quality risks. Streamline training programs, audits, and corrective actions to cover multiple areas at once .
4. Leverage Technology Use digital tools to support integration. Many modern software platforms allow for the management of safety, environmental, and quality programs from a single interface. These tools help consolidate data, streamline reporting, and facilitate real-time tracking of performance across all systems .
5. Monitor, Review, and Improve Once the systems are integrated, continually monitor their performance. Conduct regular audits and reviews to ensure that the integrated processes are working effectively and that they continue to meet regulatory requirements. Use data from all areas to drive improvements across safety, environmental, and quality domains .

Conclusion Integrating Safety Management Systems with Environmental and Quality Programs provides multiple advantages, including streamlined compliance, improved risk management, cost savings, and enhanced operational efficiency. By aligning these systems, organizations can foster a culture of safety, sustainability, and quality, leading to long-term success and resilience. Start by assessing your current systems, setting shared goals, and developing unified processes that bring all aspects of safety, environment, and quality under one cohesive management strategy.

References

Al-Zaben, A. A. A., & Hamid, S. R. (2024). A systematic review of integrated management system frameworks: Dimensions and implication for sustainable management of construction and demolition waste. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 8(1), 2025010. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2025010

Shams, K. H., Talapatra, S., Islam, F., & Abedin, A. (2023). Identification of benefits from integrated management systems (IMS) to achieve sustainability: A systematic literature review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 20(02), 514–529. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.2.2243

International Organization for Standardization. (ISO) (2015). ISO 9001:2015 Quality management systems — Requirements. ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/62085.html

International Organization for Standardization. (2015). ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. ISO. https://www.iso.org/standard/60857.html

As a safety professional with years of experience in high-risk industries, I’ve seen how effective safety management systems can significantly improve organizational performance. ANSI Z-10.2019 is one of the most comprehensive safety management standards available in the U.S., providing a structured approach to improving workplace safety and reducing risk. Let’s explore how this standard can transform your safety management approach and keep your workforce safe.

ANSI Z-10.2019 is a voluntary consensus standard that provides organizations with a framework for implementing an effective occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS). The 2019 updates emphasize leadership engagement, worker participation, risk-based approaches, and the alignment with international standards like ISO 45001.

Adopting ANSI Z-10.2019 doesn’t just help you comply with safety regulations—it can elevate your organization’s safety performance and culture. The latest updates provide additional tools to integrate safety into your overall business strategy. In this post, we’ll break down the key elements of the standard and explain how it can benefit your organization.

Key Requirements of ANSI Z-10.2019

The ANSI Z-10 standard provides a comprehensive and flexible framework for managing workplace safety and health systems. This standard emphasizes the importance of integrating safety at all organizational levels, with leadership commitment and worker engagement at its core. Key components of the standard include leadership and worker participation, a risk-based approach, and safety planning (ANSI, 2019).

1. Leadership and Worker Participation

One of the central aspects of ANSI Z-10.2019 is its focus on leadership commitment and worker participation. The effective implementation of safety management systems (OHSMS) depends heavily on leadership’s ability to foster a culture that integrates safety into strategic decision-making, ensuring the provision of necessary resources. Moreover, the active participation of workers, especially those closest to potential hazards, enhances the identification and mitigation of risks, contributing to a stronger safety culture (Rahmi & Ramdhan, 2021).

Additionally, there is anecdotal evidence that underscore that leadership and worker involvement are key drivers in building a sustainable safety climate. They highlight that competency in safety management among both workers and leaders is essential for fostering safety culture, reducing risks, and enhancing overall organizational performance (Rahman et al., 2022).

2. Risk-Based Approach

ANSI Z-10 emphasizes a risk-based approach to safety, requiring organizations to continuously identify, evaluate, and control workplace hazards. This systematic approach ensures that safety measures are responsive to changes in the work environment (ANSI_ASSP_Z10_0_2019). Research points out that factors such as management commitment, employee involvement, and continuous improvement are critical in maintaining the effectiveness of risk management strategies (Rahmi & Ramdhan, 2021).

3. Planning for Safety

The ANSI Z-10 standard mandates that organizations develop clear safety objectives, responsibilities, and performance measures as part of their safety management plans. This approach includes hazard identification, resource allocation, and compliance with regulatory requirements. Rahman et al. (2022) emphasize the importance of clear planning in safety management, as it aligns resources and objectives to ensure regulatory compliance and improve safety performance (Rahman et al., 2022).

The 2019 Updates: What’s New?

1. Alignment with ISO 45001

The 2019 revision of ANSI Z-10 brought the standard into alignment with ISO 45001, allowing organizations to streamline their safety management systems across global operations. This alignment helps companies achieve consistency in managing occupational health and safety risks. Alignment with international standards such as ISO 45001 is critical for organizations operating in multiple jurisdictions, ensuring compliance with diverse regulatory requirements (Rahmi & Ramdhan, 2021).

2. Focus on Occupational Health

The revised standard also broadens its scope to address occupational health risks, including psychosocial hazards such as stress and mental health. This update reflects the growing recognition of occupational health as an integral part of workplace safety. As Rahman et al. (2022) point out, maintaining employee well-being is not just about preventing physical injuries but also about addressing mental health and stress management as part of a comprehensive safety strategy (Rahman et al., 2022).

Benefits of Implementing ANSI Z-10.2019

1. Improved Safety Performance

By adopting a structured safety management system as outlined in ANSI Z-10.2019, organizations can significantly reduce workplace incidents and injuries. Proactive risk management, as emphasized in the standard, helps organizations prevent accidents before they occur (Rahmi & Ramdhan, 2021).

2. Increased Employee Engagement

Engaging employees in the safety process leads to better hazard detection and higher morale. When workers feel that their safety concerns are taken seriously, they are more likely to actively participate in maintaining a safe work environment (Rahman et al., 2022).

3. Enhanced Compliance and Reputation

Adhering to ANSI Z-10 not only ensures compliance with OSHA regulations but also enhances an organization’s reputation. Companies that demonstrate a commitment to safety through recognized standards are better positioned to build trust with stakeholders.

Benefits of Implementing ANSI Z-10.2019

Adopting ANSI Z-10.2019 offers numerous advantages, beyond mere compliance with safety regulations. Here’s how your organization can benefit:

1. Improved Safety Performance
   By implementing a structured safety management system, organizations can reduce workplace incidents and injuries. ANSI Z-10.2019 encourages proactive risk management, which helps prevent accidents before they occur.
2. Increased Employee Engagement
   Engaging workers in the safety process not only improves hazard detection but also boosts morale. When employees feel that their safety concerns are taken seriously, they are more likely to participate actively in maintaining a safe work environment.
3. Cost Savings
   Effective safety management systems lead to fewer accidents and associated costs, such as workers’ compensation claims, legal fees, and downtime. In addition, adopting ANSI Z-10 can lead to insurance savings as many insurers offer reduced premiums to companies with robust safety programs ​(ASSP, 2019).
4. Enhanced Compliance and Reputation
   While ANSI Z-10 is a voluntary standard, following its guidelines ensures that your organization remains compliant with OSHA regulations and other relevant safety laws. Moreover, adhering to a recognized standard demonstrates your commitment to safety, which can enhance your company’s reputation with clients and stakeholders.

How to Get Started with ANSI Z-10.2019

If you’re considering implementing ANSI Z-10 in your organization, here are some practical steps to get started:

1. Conduct a Gap Analysis
   Begin by assessing your current safety management practices and identifying areas where they fall short of ANSI Z-10 requirements. This gap analysis will help you understand what changes are needed to bring your organization into compliance.
2. Engage Leadership and Workers
   Ensure that top management is committed to the process and that workers are actively involved. A successful OHSMS requires buy-in from every level of the organization.
3. Develop and Implement Your OHSMS
   Use the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) model to develop your system. This includes planning your safety objectives, implementing risk controls, monitoring safety performance, and continually improving the system​ (ANSI_ASSP_Z10_0_2019).
4. Monitor and Adjust
   Once your system is in place, regularly review its performance and make adjustments as necessary. Continuous improvement is a fundamental principle of ANSI Z-10, ensuring that your safety management system evolves with the needs of your organization.

HOP in ANSI Z-10

Human and Organizational Performance (HOP) principles into an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS), ANSI Z-10 emphasizes the interaction between workers and their environment, addressing safety from a systems perspective. Human Organizational Performance (HOP) is fundamentally aligned with the systems approach, acknowledging that humans are fallible, and errors are often the result of system deficiencies rather than individual failings (ASSP, 2019). By focusing on identifying and mitigating systemic risks, HOP encourages a proactive, adaptive safety culture.

The inclusion of HOP principles in the OHSMS allows for better hazard detection and resolution through worker engagement and leadership involvement. This participatory approach ensures that workers, who are closest to the hazards, contribute to risk assessments and safety planning, a key feature of ANSI Z-10. Additionally, HOP stresses the importance of learning from incidents, which aligns with the OHSMS’s emphasis on continual improvement through feedback loops.

By incorporating HOP, organizations foster a dynamic interaction between safety, work processes, and human behaviors, ultimately leading to reduced incidents and a resilient safety culture. This systemic approach is critical for managing modern workplace hazards, where the complexity of interactions demands more than traditional safety compliance.

Conclusion

ANSI Z-10.2019 offers a powerful framework for improving occupational health and safety performance. By integrating safety into business processes, actively engaging workers, and adopting a risk-based approach, organizations can reduce workplace hazards and promote a culture of safety. The 2019 updates make ANSI Z-10 even more relevant, aligning it with global standards and emphasizing the importance of occupational health and psychosocial risk management.

References

American Society of Safety Professionals. (ASSP) (2019). ANSI/ASSP Z10.0-2019 Occupational health and safety management systems. American Society of Safety Professionals.

American Society of Safety Professionals. (2019). ANSI/ASSP Z10.0-2019 guidance manual: Occupational health and safety management systems. ASSP.

Rahman, F. A., Arifin, K., Abas, A., Mahfudz, M., Basir Cyio, M., Khairil, M., Ali, M. N., Lampe, I., & Samad, M. A. (2022). Sustainable safety management: A safety competencies systematic literature review. Sustainability, 14(14), 6885. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116885

Rahmi, A., & Ramdhan, D. H. (2021). Factors affecting the effectiveness of the implementation of OHSMS: A systematic literature review. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1933(1), 012021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1933/1/012021

OSHA says that identifying and mitigating hazards in the workplace is crucial to maintaining a safe environment (OSHA, n.d.). In the Army we used Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA) to identify and control hazards. Conducting an AHA systematically helps ensure you’re taking proactive measures to prevent incidents. If you’ve been looking for a reliable way to assess and mitigate hazards using FM 385, I can guide you through the process, step by step (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2014).

An Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA) is a systematic process used to identify potential hazards associated with a specific task, assess the risks, and implement controls to mitigate those risks. Following the guidelines set out in FM 385 ensures that hazards are addressed before work begins, helping to create a safer work environment.

Activity Hazard Analyses (AHA) are not just about compliance; they’re about creating safer, more efficient workplaces. With the right approach, you can ensure that your workers are protected from the start. Let’s walk through the AHA process as outlined by FM 385 and explore how to implement it effectively in your organization.

Step 1: Understanding the Basics of Activity Hazard Analysis

An Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA) involves breaking down a task into its components, identifying the hazards associated with each step, and implementing controls to mitigate those hazards. The AHA process is essential for high-risk activities and is mandated by many regulatory frameworks, including FM 385-1-1, which outlines safety standards for federal projects and construction.

The key components of an AHA include:

1. Task Breakdown: Clearly define the steps of the task or activity.
2. Hazard Identification: Identify potential hazards for each step.
3. Risk Assessment: Evaluate the likelihood and severity of each hazard.
4. Control Measures: Implement controls to mitigate the identified risks.
5. Review and Monitoring: Continuously monitor the activity to ensure controls are effective.

Step 2: Conducting a Task Breakdown

To start an AHA, you need to break the task down into manageable steps. This allows you to analyze each part of the activity for potential hazards. The task breakdown should be detailed enough to capture the risks at each stage but not so granular that it becomes overwhelming. For example, if the task is “roof installation,” the breakdown might include steps such as setting up scaffolding, carrying materials to the roof, and securing roofing tiles.

• Pro Tip: Involve the people who regularly perform the work in this process. They have invaluable insight into the nuances that others might overlook.

Step 3: Identifying Hazards

Once the task is broken down, the next step is to identify the potential hazards associated with each activity. Hazards can be physical, chemical, biological, or ergonomic, depending on the nature of the task. Common hazards include:

• Falls from height during roofing activities.
• Chemical exposure when handling hazardous materials.
• Repetitive strain injuries in tasks that require heavy lifting.

For each task step, list out every possible hazard. Be thorough, as even seemingly minor risks can escalate into major incidents without proper controls.

Step 4: Assessing the Risks

With the hazards identified, it’s time to assess the risk of each one. Risk assessment typically involves two factors:

1. Likelihood: How likely is it that the hazard will cause an incident?
2. Severity: How severe would the consequences be if the hazard led to an incident?

Using a risk matrix, you can classify risks as low, medium, or high. This prioritization helps determine which hazards need immediate attention and which can be managed with standard controls.

• Example: If workers are installing roofing tiles at height, the risk of falling might be classified as high, given the likelihood and severity of a fall-related injury.

Step 5: Implementing Control Measures

Once the risks have been assessed, the next step is to put control measures in place to mitigate those risks. The hierarchy of controls should guide this process, starting with the most effective methods. The Hierarchy of Controls is a systematic approach to minimizing or eliminating hazards in the workplace. It ranks controls from the most effective to the least effective. Here are the levels, starting with the most preferred method:

1. Elimination
   Completely remove the hazard.
   This is the most effective method, as it physically removes the hazard from the workplace. For example, replacing a hazardous chemical with a non-hazardous one.
2. Substitution
   Replace the hazard with something less dangerous.
   Substitution involves replacing the hazardous substance, process, or material with a safer alternative. For example, using a less toxic chemical in a process.
3. Engineering Controls
   Isolate people from the hazard.
   This includes physical changes to the workplace or the environment to reduce exposure. Examples include machine guards, ventilation systems, and noise-dampening materials.
4. Administrative Controls
   Change the way people work.
   These controls focus on altering how work is performed to reduce risks. Examples include rotating shifts to reduce exposure times, implementing standard operating procedures (SOPs), training, and signage.
5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
   Protect the worker with protective gear.
   PPE is considered the least effective because it does not eliminate the hazard and relies on proper use by employees. Examples include gloves, safety glasses, hard hats, and respirators.

For example, if the hazard is falling from heights, the control measures might include using fall protection systems, ensuring guardrails are in place, and requiring workers to wear harnesses.

Note: The Hierarchy of Controls displayed as an inverted pyramid. The most effective control, Elimination, is at the top, followed by the less effective methods down to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at the bottom.

Step 6: Review and Continuous Monitoring

The AHA doesn’t end once control measures are implemented. Ongoing review and monitoring are critical to ensure that the controls are working effectively. Supervisors should regularly inspect the worksite, check equipment, and talk to workers to confirm that safety measures are being followed.

If new hazards emerge during the task, the AHA should be revisited, and additional controls should be implemented as necessary. Continuous monitoring ensures that safety measures adapt to changing conditions and prevent complacency from setting in.

Additional Considerations for Activity Hazard Analysis

1. Documentation
   Documenting the AHA process is essential for accountability and compliance. The documentation should include the task breakdown, identified hazards, risk assessments, and the control measures implemented. This not only ensures compliance with FM 385 but also serves as a reference for future AHAs and safety audits.
2. Worker Involvement
   Involving workers in the AHA process promotes a safety culture and ensures that the analysis reflects real-world conditions. Workers are more likely to follow safety procedures if they have contributed to the process and understand the reasoning behind the controls.
3. Training
   Effective training is essential to ensure that workers understand the AHA and how to implement the control measures. Training sessions should include hands-on demonstrations of PPE use, emergency procedures, and safe work practices specific to the task at hand.

Conclusion

Performing a comprehensive Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA) using FM 385 is a critical step in ensuring workplace safety. By systematically identifying hazards, assessing risks, and implementing control measures, you can prevent incidents before they happen. Remember, an AHA is a living document that requires continuous review and adaptation. By actively involving workers, maintaining proper documentation, and staying vigilant, you can create a safer work environment and meet the highest safety standards.

References

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (2014). Safety and health requirements manual (EM 385-1-1). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. https://www.usace.army.mil/Safety-and-Occupational-Health/Safety-and-Health-Requirements-Manual/

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). Hazard Identification and Control Best Practices. https://www.osha.gov/safety-management/hazard-Identification

As a safety professional, I know navigating the complexities of federal and State-Specific Safety Regulations can be overwhelming. While OSHA sets the standard for workplace safety nationwide, many states have their own occupational safety programs that go beyond federal requirements. Understanding these key differences is essential for ensuring compliance across multiple locations. Let me guide you through the critical distinctions between federal OSHA regulations and state-specific programs.

Federal OSHA regulations provide baseline workplace safety requirements across the U.S., but 22 states operate their own OSHA-approved safety programs with additional or stricter requirements. Employers must comply with both federal and state regulations, depending on their location.

Staying compliant with safety regulations is a key responsibility for employers, but it can be tricky when state and federal rules differ. States with their own OSHA-approved plans often impose higher standards, meaning companies need to stay updated on state-specific regulations to avoid penalties. Let’s explore some of the most significant differences between federal OSHA requirements and state-run programs.

Federal OSHA vs. State-Run Programs: An Overview

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is responsible for ensuring workplace safety for most private sector employees in the United States. However, under Section 18 of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act, individual states are permitted to operate their own OSHA-approved State Plans, provided these plans are “at least as effective” as the federal OSHA program (OSHA, n.d.). Currently, 22 states and jurisdictions have OSHA-approved State Plans, covering both public and private sector workers, while six additional states and one U.S. territory offer coverage only for public sector workers (OSHA, n.d.).

Key Differences Between Federal and State OSHA Programs

1. State-Specific Standards While state programs must meet or exceed federal OSHA standards, many have developed additional regulations tailored to specific hazards within their jurisdictions. For example, California (Cal/OSHA) has rigorous standards for heat illness prevention, wildfire smoke exposure, and ergonomics, which surpass federal regulations (OSHA, n.d.). Similarly, Washington’s Division of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) has implemented unique standards around agricultural safety and chemical exposure.
2. Broader Coverage for Public Sector Employees Federal OSHA exclusively covers private sector employees, but many state plans extend protections to public sector employees, including those working for state and local governments. States like New York and North Carolina ensure that public employees receive the same protections as those in the private sector (OSHA, n.d.).
3. State-Specific Enforcement Policies States with their own OSHA-approved plans may set their own enforcement and penalty structures, sometimes resulting in stricter penalties and more frequent inspections compared to federal OSHA. For instance, Michigan’s MIOSHA program is known for implementing stricter penalties for repeat offenders (OSHA, n.d.).

Key State-Specific Regulations to Watch

1. Heat Illness Prevention (California) One of the most prominent state-specific standards is California’s Heat Illness Prevention Standard, which requires employers to provide water, shade, and rest breaks to employees working in hot environments. This standard is stricter than any current federal OSHA requirements, which lack specific regulations for heat illness prevention.
2. Ergonomics (Washington) Washington has implemented mandatory ergonomic regulations that require employers to assess and mitigate ergonomic hazards in the workplace, aiming to reduce musculoskeletal injuries in industries like healthcare and manufacturing.
3. Wildfire Smoke Protection (California and Oregon) With the rise of wildfires, both California and Oregon have introduced regulations to protect workers from wildfire smoke, mandating air quality monitoring and requiring employers to provide respiratory protection when necessary.

Navigating Compliance Across Multiple States

For businesses operating across multiple states, keeping track of state-specific OSHA requirements is crucial. Here are some steps to ensure compliance:

1. Stay Informed of State-Specific Regulations Regularly review state OSHA websites for updates on regulations and enforcement policies. OSHA monitors and evaluates the performance of state plans annually through the Federal Annual Monitoring Evaluation (FAME) process to ensure state programs remain at least as effective as federal OSHA (OSHA, n.d.).
2. Adapt Safety Programs to Regional Requirements Tailor safety management systems (SMS) to meet the most stringent requirements across all operating regions. If your business operates in a state like California, applying the stricter heat illness prevention standards across all locations may be beneficial for consistency.
3. Training and Auditing Regularly train employees on state-specific regulations and incorporate these into your safety audits. For instance, ensure employees in California understand and comply with heat illness prevention requirements.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between federal OSHA regulations and state-run programs is key to maintaining compliance and ensuring workplace safety across the United States. With some states implementing more stringent safety standards, staying informed and adapting your safety programs to local regulations will help you mitigate risks and avoid costly penalties. By staying proactive, your organization can create a safer environment for all employees, regardless of location.

References

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). State plans. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/stateplans

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). Quick facts and information about state plans. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/stateplans/overview

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As a safety professional, I understand how challenging it can be to create a comprehensive safety training program that not only meets regulatory requirements but also engages employees and addresses the specific needs of your organization. A well-designed training program can significantly improve safety performance and reduce incidents. Let me guide you through the key steps to building an effective safety training program for your workforce.

An effective safety training program combines regulatory compliance with engaging, practical training that addresses the specific risks and needs of your workforce. Key elements include needs assessment, goal setting, customized content, interactive training methods, and continuous evaluation (OSHA, 2023).

Creating a successful safety training program requires more than just checking off compliance boxes—it’s about fostering a culture of safety. In this guide, we’ll walk through the steps to build a program that not only educates but also empowers your employees to stay safe on the job.

Step 1: Conduct a Needs Assessment

Before developing any safety training program, it’s crucial to understand the specific safety risks and training needs within your organization. A comprehensive needs assessment helps identify gaps in knowledge, skills, and procedures.

1. Assess Workplace Hazards: Conducting a needs assessment is crucial in identifying workplace hazards. A detailed review of the workplace environment can help pinpoint specific risks associated with the industry, including ergonomic concerns, chemical exposure, and machinery-related hazards. For high-risk industries such as construction or manufacturing, identifying fall risks or machinery accidents should be prioritized. This type of preventive assessment is a foundational step in reducing the likelihood of accidents (Jozan et al., 2023) .
2. Review Incident Reports and Audits: Past incident reports and internal audits provide valuable insight into recurring safety issues. By identifying these patterns, organizations can better focus their training efforts on problem areas, such as recurring accidents or near-misses, ensuring a targeted approach to safety improvements (Seo et al., 2022) .
3. Involve Workers in the Process: Engaging workers in the development of safety programs is essential for ensuring the relevance of training. Workers can offer firsthand knowledge of potential safety concerns, and involving them fosters greater compliance and engagement with safety protocols (Jozan et al., 2023).

Step 2: Set Clear, Measurable Goals

1. Define Learning Objectives: Learning objectives should focus on the specific skills employees are expected to demonstrate following the training, such as compliance with safety standards and hazard mitigation techniques. Clear learning objectives enhance the effectiveness of training by targeting specific competencies relevant to workplace safety (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).
2. Align Goals with Regulatory Requirements: Aligning safety training with OSHA, NIOSH, or EPA regulations ensures legal compliance and enhances the relevance of training. This approach also helps organizations meet industry standards and prevent potential violations (Seo et al., 2022).
3. Set Benchmarks for Success: Establishing benchmarks like incident rate reductions or audit improvements is critical for assessing the effectiveness of safety programs. Regular reviews ensure the training addresses the correct issues and meets organizational needs (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).

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Step 3: Develop Customized Training Content

1. Use Industry-Specific Examples: Customizing safety content to address industry-specific risks, such as fall prevention or machinery hazards, improves engagement and relevance. Tailored examples help employees understand how to apply safety principles in their specific context (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).
2. Incorporate Hands-On Learning: Hands-on training methods, such as using PPE or practicing safety drills, are crucial for reinforcing safety behaviors in high-risk industries. Providing practical, on-the-job training ensures that workers are well-prepared for real-world scenarios (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).
3. Use a Blended Learning Approach: Blended learning, which combines digital modules with in-person exercises, is increasingly used in occupational health and safety training. E-learning offers flexibility, while in-person exercises ensure practical application of safety skills (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).

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Step 4: Make Training Interactive and Engaging

1. Incorporate Role-Playing and Simulations: Role-playing and simulations create immersive learning experiences, allowing employees to practice responding to potential hazards. This interactive method helps learners apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios (Seo et al., 2022).
2. Use Gamification: Gamification, such as incorporating quizzes and competitions, enhances engagement and motivates learners to absorb critical safety information. This technique also fosters healthy competition and can improve training retention (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).
3. Encourage Group Discussions: Group discussions help contextualize safety training by encouraging employees to share their experiences. Peer-to-peer learning reinforces safety culture and encourages employees to adopt shared responsibility for safety (Seo et al., 2022).

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Step 5: Evaluate and Improve the Program Continuously

1. Use Feedback Surveys: Post-training feedback from employees is an invaluable tool for identifying gaps and improving future training sessions. Surveys provide insights into areas that need further clarification or enhanced focus (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).
2. Monitor Key Metrics: Tracking metrics such as incident rates and training completion rates provides a quantitative measure of training effectiveness. Regularly evaluating these metrics helps ensure that safety training reduces risk (Barati Jozan et al., 2023).
3. Update Training Content Regularly: To remain compliant with new regulations and best practices, training content should be reviewed and updated at least annually. This ensures that the organization is prepared for evolving safety challenges (Seo et al., 2022).

Conclusion

Building an effective safety training program requires a thorough understanding of your organization’s unique risks, clear goals, and engaging content. By conducting a needs assessment, setting measurable objectives, developing customized training, and continually evaluating its effectiveness, you can create a program that not only meets regulatory requirements but also fosters a culture of safety. With the right training program in place, you’ll empower your workforce to prevent accidents and maintain a safer work environment.

Sources:

Barati Jozan, G., Moschion, D., Zacher, H., Braun, S., & Parker, S. K. (2023). Workplace safety leadership: The role of leadership in preventing accidents and ensuring safety. BMC Public Health, 23(16114), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16114-8

Seo, H. J., Do, B., & Rhee, S. Y. (2024). Effective managers of workplace safety: A topic taxonomy of manager’s safety competency. Safety Science, 176, 106528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106528

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2023). Training. https://www.osha.gov/training